Publication collection
Analysis of national and currency-area economies, with attention to demand, production, finance and the institutions governing adjustment.
Economy studies examine a concrete issue within a country or currency area. They relate the data record to its production structure, financial system and policy framework. A cross-country label such as investment or credit is the beginning of the comparison, not evidence that the underlying mechanisms are identical.
Economy Study
The September 2026 national-accounts vintage shows why private domestic demand and headline GDP require separate readings. Consumption, fixed investment, inventories and imports provide different evidence about the composition of U.S. growth.
Read the analysisEconomy Study
Factory construction measures one stage and one class of industrial investment. The study reconciles construction expenditure, equipment, intellectual property and operating capacity, showing why a building boom cannot be read directly as manufacturing output.
Read the analysisEconomy Study
China's expenditure accounts identify immediate purchasers, while production networks reveal the final markets supporting domestic income. Reconciling the two explains why consumption, investment, and export growth create different business exposures.
Read the analysis40 publications
Economy Study
The September 2026 national-accounts vintage shows why private domestic demand and headline GDP require separate readings. Consumption, fixed investment, inventories and imports provide different evidence about the composition of U.S. growth.
Economy Study
Factory construction measures one stage and one class of industrial investment. The study reconciles construction expenditure, equipment, intellectual property and operating capacity, showing why a building boom cannot be read directly as manufacturing output.
Economy Study
China's expenditure accounts identify immediate purchasers, while production networks reveal the final markets supporting domestic income. Reconciling the two explains why consumption, investment, and export growth create different business exposures.
Economy Study
China's local investment depends on recurring revenue, transfers, land-related receipts, and distinct borrowing arrangements. The 2025 final accounts illustrate why financing availability must be reconciled with repayment responsibilities and whole-life project costs.
Economy Study
A common euro-area policy rate reaches borrowers through different contracts, banks, and refinancing schedules. Loan surveys and mortgage evidence show why tighter standards, rising debt payments, and changes in marginal borrowing rates can coexist.
Economy Study
National fiscal plans and European financing shape different parts of the public investment decision. A financing and execution framework separates budget commitments, payment conditions, construction, and the services delivered by completed assets.
Economy Study
UK capital services can increase while capital available per working hour declines. Official growth-accounting evidence clarifies the separate roles of investment, asset replacement, workforce composition, utilization, and the productivity residual.
Economy Study
Britain's fiscal framework, project appraisal, and delivery arrangements answer different investment questions. Assessing the complete asset life explains why favorable financial treatment or budget headroom does not establish a project's economic return.
Economy Study
Germany's manufacturing exposure operates through final exports, intermediate suppliers, and industrial services. Bundesbank evidence on market-share losses supports distinguishing foreign demand, product composition, input costs, and broader competitiveness.
Economy Study
Germany's grid monitoring separates approval, construction, completion, and operation. These stages show why infrastructure spending supports industrial capital only when the required network service becomes available at the right site and time.
Economy Study
France's annual accounts show different movements in manufacturing, services, construction, and household demand. Linking expenditure to production explains how domestic services support industrial capacity and why gross output differs from domestic value added.
Economy Study
French fiscal adjustment operates through different taxes, transfers, services, and investment decisions. Dated official assessments show why deficit improvement must be reconciled with expenditure composition, institutional responsibility, and the durability of measures.
Economy Study
Japanese wage growth reaches consumption through hours, deductions, prices, and the distribution of household income. The analysis distinguishes employee earnings from the resources of working and retired households, showing why demographic composition changes the interpretation of aggregate spending.
Economy Study
Japanese companies face different exposures to monetary changes because cash, floating-rate borrowing, and debt maturities are distributed unevenly. Contract-based scenarios separate immediate interest costs from refinancing risk and the operating conditions that determine investment capacity.
Economy Study
India's infrastructure investment creates productive capacity when transport, equipment, energy, and operating provision work together. Railway targets in the 2026–27 monitoring framework illustrate why financial allocations, physical assets, and usable services require separate assessment.
Economy Study
India's employment surveys distinguish job status from written contracts, paid leave, and social insurance. PLFS 2025 evidence shows why registration and salaried employment cannot alone establish job creation or comprehensive formalization, especially across changes in survey design.
Economy Study
Canadian output and output per resident answer different economic questions. This study reconciles population, productivity, hours, capital, and household purchasing power, explaining how aggregate expansion can coexist with pressure on average living standards or local capacity.
Economy Study
Canada's mortgage terms, payment types, and renewal cohorts distribute monetary transmission over time. Official renewal studies and contractual calculations explain why easing market rates can coexist with higher payments for borrowers leaving older fixed-rate contracts.
Economy Study
Mexico's manufacturing exports combine domestic production with imported intermediates. INEGI's export-content methodology clarifies the distinction between direct value added, domestic procurement, and full supply-chain income, providing a basis for assessing deeper North American production linkages.
Economy Study
Mexico's industrial location advantage depends on reliable electricity and door-to-door logistics. The analysis distinguishes national energy plans from site-level connections and examines how service timing, power quality, border procedures, and utilization shape the return to manufacturing investment.
Economy Study
Brazil's 2025 growth combined rapid agricultural expansion with slower growth in broad services. Separating harvest volumes, commodity prices, household income, and investment reveals how sector-specific gains reach domestic demand and why aggregate growth does not establish uniform momentum.
Economy Study
Brazil's fiscal framework affects investment through taxes, financing, and public services. The study connects primary-balance rules, expenditure rigidity, revenue quality, and debt definitions to the durability of the operating environment faced by private capital.
Economy Study
Australian resource exports affect output, purchasing power, and resident income through different channels. This study separates prices, volumes, ownership, and investment phases to identify when an export gain becomes a broader domestic benefit.
Economy Study
Housing construction affects Australian labor mobility through location, delivery, and the cost of living near employment. This study connects productivity and project stages with the household budget that determines whether a move is worthwhile.
Economy Study
Korean technology exports generate uneven domestic effects across operating inputs, investment, and supplier capabilities. This study distinguishes export receipts from resident value added and identifies the evidence needed to establish a broader supplier recovery.
Economy Study
Korean household formation is outpacing population growth while aging and housing obligations reshape spending capacity. This study examines how smaller households, debt service, and employment continuity jointly influence domestic demand.
Economy Study
Indonesian mineral processing has changed industrial geography, but gross exports overstate the income available to residents. This study examines domestic content, supplier capabilities, public obligations, and the opportunity costs underlying a durable processing gain.
Economy Study
External finance reaches Indonesian borrowers through different currencies, maturities, and intermediaries. This study traces corporate mismatches and bank funding to distinguish capital-market inflows from sustainable financing for domestic production.
Economy Study
Vietnamese export expansion creates resident income without guaranteeing deeper local supplier participation. This study separates exporter ownership, international integration, procurement, and value added, then examines the capabilities required for lasting commercial linkages.
Economy Study
Vietnamese public investment supports production only when construction becomes reliable infrastructure service. This study uses a specific project record to distinguish financial execution, land readiness, network connections, and operational capacity.
Economy Study
Singapore’s exchange-rate framework and a company’s financing conditions operate through different channels. The study examines policy interpretation, international interest rates, currency exposure and the terms of business borrowing.
Economy Study
Singapore’s merchandise flows combine re-exports and domestic production with substantial service activity. This study distinguishes gross trade from resident value added and examines the financing and network exposures that remain important beyond direct income shares.
Economy Study
Saudi non-oil growth can expand private production while retaining links to oil-financed demand. This study separates statistical diversification, customer composition, employment, and external earnings to assess the durability of the expansion.
Economy Study
Saudi project partnerships combine financing with contractual allocations of construction, demand, and operating risk. This study distinguishes private funding from private exposure and identifies the evidence needed to assess additional investment and public affordability.
Economy Study
The UAE’s trading economy combines domestic production with distribution, transport, and finance. This study reconciles customs categories and statistical coverage before assessing resident income, commercial exposure, and the distinct contribution of intermediation.
Economy Study
UAE credit conditions reflect both the US-linked monetary anchor and domestic funding choices. This study examines deposits, liquidity management, borrower access, and property exposures to explain why capital inflows need not produce uniform lending growth.
Economy Study
South African output responds differently to weak demand and unreliable infrastructure. This study reconciles observed rail recovery with electricity reliability, network dependencies, and investment incentives to identify when improved service can raise productive capacity.
Economy Study
South Africa’s employment gap extends beyond headline unemployment to participation, hours, and access to productive jobs. This study reconciles survey denominators and examines how transport, firm growth, skills, and infrastructure constrain labor absorption.
Economy Study
Turkish inflation persistence reflects interacting exchange-rate costs, indexation, expectations, and pricing horizons. This study separates headline disinflation from changes in corporate behavior and identifies the evidence needed to establish more durable price stability.
Economy Study
External funding influences Turkish investment through currency matching, maturity, and access to finance. This study distinguishes rollover from new capacity and examines when financing supports sustainable tradable earnings rather than existing balance-sheet obligations.
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Browse economiesBrowse topicsThe information cutoff identifies the material available to the analysis. Source periods can differ within a study when publication schedules differ; these distinctions are stated where they affect the argument. Country hubs provide the wider policy and source context.