Research subject
Research on international production, trade exposure, investment and the transmission of policy across borders.
Gross exports identify a shipment, while value-added measures locate the income generated at different stages of production. Imported inputs, re-exports and foreign final demand complicate the relationship between bilateral trade figures and domestic economic exposure.
Research examines the production link relevant to the question before interpreting a trade balance as a measure of dependence or competitiveness.
Cross-border investment responds to market access, logistics, skills, energy, finance and the policy environment. A financial flow may represent a new plant, an acquisition, reinvested earnings or a corporate restructuring. Its classification matters for any claim about additional productive capacity.
Research Report
A change in direct import partners can exceed the shift in upstream value added. Official production evidence and reproducible supply-chain examples distinguish relocation, supplier development, ownership, routing, and the dependencies relevant to resilience.
Read the analysisResearch Report
Financial inflows and project announcements do not establish operating capacity. Official reporting from five economies and an original project ledger separate expenditure, acquisitions, construction, commissioning, utilization, and the timing of realized production.
Read the analysisEconomy Study
Mexico's manufacturing exports combine domestic production with imported intermediates. INEGI's export-content methodology clarifies the distinction between direct value added, domestic procurement, and full supply-chain income, providing a basis for assessing deeper North American production linkages.
Read the analysis25 publications
Research Report
A change in direct import partners can exceed the shift in upstream value added. Official production evidence and reproducible supply-chain examples distinguish relocation, supplier development, ownership, routing, and the dependencies relevant to resilience.
Research Report
Financial inflows and project announcements do not establish operating capacity. Official reporting from five economies and an original project ledger separate expenditure, acquisitions, construction, commissioning, utilization, and the timing of realized production.
Economy Study
Mexico's manufacturing exports combine domestic production with imported intermediates. INEGI's export-content methodology clarifies the distinction between direct value added, domestic procurement, and full supply-chain income, providing a basis for assessing deeper North American production linkages.
Economy Study
Australian resource exports affect output, purchasing power, and resident income through different channels. This study separates prices, volumes, ownership, and investment phases to identify when an export gain becomes a broader domestic benefit.
Economy Study
Vietnamese export expansion creates resident income without guaranteeing deeper local supplier participation. This study separates exporter ownership, international integration, procurement, and value added, then examines the capabilities required for lasting commercial linkages.
Economy Study
Singapore’s merchandise flows combine re-exports and domestic production with substantial service activity. This study distinguishes gross trade from resident value added and examines the financing and network exposures that remain important beyond direct income shares.
Economy Study
The UAE’s trading economy combines domestic production with distribution, transport, and finance. This study reconciles customs categories and statistical coverage before assessing resident income, commercial exposure, and the distinct contribution of intermediation.
Economy Study
External funding influences Turkish investment through currency matching, maturity, and access to finance. This study distinguishes rollover from new capacity and examines when financing supports sustainable tradable earnings rather than existing balance-sheet obligations.
Policy Brief
Tariff exposure depends on the product, origin, valuation, applicable text, and transaction date. Separating payment liability from economic incidence explains how contracts, substitution, and supply-chain adjustment distribute the cost over time.
Policy Brief
Investment screening changes transaction timing, operating arrangements, and post-closing exposure. CFIUS materials show why jurisdiction, filing requirements, declaration outcomes, mitigation, and contractual risk allocation require separate treatment in the investment case.
Policy Brief
North American origin rules create product-specific compliance requirements rather than a simple domestic-content test. This brief examines how legal qualification, sourcing costs, and preferential tariff savings influence commercial supply-chain decisions.
Policy Brief
Indonesia’s export restrictions can improve processing margins by changing miners’ outside options. This brief distinguishes that income transfer from additional national value, while examining investment viability, fiscal support, and the dated WTO legal record.
Policy Brief
Vietnamese investment incentives can support training and research without automatically creating local supplier relationships. This brief examines eligibility, qualification, procurement terms, and resident value added to assess deeper commercial linkages around foreign-owned production.
Comparative Study
U.S.–Mexico production links distribute income across several stages and borders. Comparable value-added evidence, a regional-content calculation and Mexico’s distinct manufacturing statistic clarify what gross trade can establish about domestic value capture.
Comparative Study
Export growth does not reveal the depth of a domestic supplier network. Matched textile evidence for China and Vietnam, combined with a two-stage sourcing account, distinguishes local purchasing, domestic value creation and the development of productive capabilities.
Comparative Study
Australia and Canada share exposure to commodity income but differ in its transmission. Official accounts and an original price-basket calculation separate export purchasing power, currency effects, producer profit, and household expenditure.
Comparative Study
Singapore and the UAE illustrate how re-exports, merchanting, and services change the interpretation of trade intensity. An original accounting example separates border turnover, domestic value added, and the financial exposure carried by intermediaries.
Comparative Study
Import concentration changes with product detail, partner definitions, and regional boundaries. US, Chinese, and Eurostat compilation rules frame original examples showing how pooled diversification can conceal single-source components and how rerouting can leave production dependence unchanged.
Comparative Study
Indonesia's partnership platform, Vietnam's supplier-development record, and Mexico's national-content accounts observe different stages of industrial integration. An original procurement example separates local invoices from local production and identifies the evidence needed to assess durable supplier capabilities.
Data Note
Export values expressed in renminbi and dollars can grow at different rates even when the underlying shipments are identical. The conversion identity separates currency translation from product prices, quantities and exporters' realized receipts.
Data Note
Gross exports include imported inputs and domestic intermediate transactions. A simplified Mexican supply chain identifies the domestic value added embodied in an export and separates it from exporter revenue and household income.
Data Note
An improvement in export prices can increase purchasing power without a matching rise in production. A commodity-trade example distinguishes Australia's terms of trade, export volume and the income available to purchase imports.
Data Note
Foreign ownership does not determine how much domestic value an export contains. A Vietnamese production example separates ownership, local sourcing and the origin of value added, including imports embedded in domestic purchases.
Economic Explainer
Gross trade records border transactions; value-added trade traces the origin of income embodied in final demand. A multi-stage supply chain explains double counting, domestic contributions and the limits of either measure for evaluating dependence.
Economic Explainer
Foreign direct investment statistics record financial relationships that need not coincide with newly installed capacity. Transaction examples distinguish acquisitions, reinvested earnings, intercompany finance and greenfield construction within a consistent investment assessment.
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Browse economiesBrowse topicsTariffs, export restrictions, investment screening and local-content conditions affect different transactions and parties. Legal incidence, negotiated prices and the eventual distribution of costs need not coincide. Adjustment can occur through sourcing, inventories, margins or the location of production.
Country studies provide the local production and institutional setting. Industry and supply-chain research examines capacity and supplier relationships; comparative studies assess the common basis needed to compare policy effects.